General Information Sources

• The World Bank & IFC: Doing Business 2011.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Venezuela 2010.
• OAS Inter-American Convention against Corruption: Third Round Implementation Report 2010.
• The Bertelsmann Foundation: Transformation Index - Venezuela 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2009.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Report 2009.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• Herald Tribune: Chavez Recalls Venezuela Ambassador to Peru after Garcia Grants Political Asylum to Opposition Leader', 5 may 2009.
• Reuters: 'Venezuelans protest bid to arrest opposition leader', 20 March 2009.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2008 (see English version).
• La Vanguardia: 'La Físcalia acusa de corrupción a un segundo ex gobernador antichavista', 18 December 2008.
• Lexadin: The World Law Guide - Legislation Venezuela 2008.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2008.
• Bloomberg: 'Chavez Ambitions in Venezuela May Fade With Oil Price', 27 October 2008.
• BBC News: Country Profile Venezuela, July 2008.
• BBC News: 'Chavez agrees to change 'spy' law', 8 June 2008.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2007 (see English version).
• BBC News: 'Venezuela Waits for Reform Result', 3 December 2007.
• The New York Times: 'Venezuela Hands Narrow Defeat to Chavez Plan', 3 December 2007.
• Time: 'Why Venezuelans Turned on Chavez', 3 December 2007.
• The New York Times: 'Why I Parted with Chavez', 1 December 2007.
• The Economist.com: 'A Warning for Reformers', 15 November 2007.
• BBC: 'Nationalisation sweeps Venezuela', 15 May 2007.
• USA Today: 'Is Hugo Chávez Mr. Misunderstood?', April 2007.
• The World Bank & IFC: Enterprise Surveys 2006.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2006 (see English version).
• The New York Times: 'For Venezuela, a Treasure in Oil Sludge', 1 June 2006.
• NewsMax.com: 'Venezuela's Chavez Caught in 'Culture of Corruption'', 31 March 2006.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2005 (see English version).
• Transparencia Venezuela: Informe Nacional: Venezuela Contrataciones Públicas 2004 (in Spanish).

Corruption Levels Sources

Judicial System

• The World Bank & IFC: Doing Business 2011.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Venezuela 2010.
• The Bertelsmann Foundation: Transformation Index - Venezuela 2010.
• The US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2009.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2009.
• Associated Press: 'Jailing of judge provokes debate in Venezuela', 15 December 2009.
• El Universal: 'Ex Attorney General is the new Venezuelan Ambassador to Spain', 8 June 2009.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2008 (see English version).
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2007 (see English version).
• The World Bank & IFC: Enterprise Surveys 2006.
• Fairchild, Gary F. et al.: A Primer on Exporting to Venezuela, University of Florida 2005.
• Human Rights Watch: Questions and Answers about Venezuela's Court-Packing Law, 2004.
• USAID: Venezuela and Corruption 2003.

Police

• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Venezuela 2010.
• The US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2009.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• Human Rights Watch: World Report - Venezuela 2009.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2009.
• The Guardian: 'Deadly force. Venezuela's police have become a law unto themselves', 6 September 2009.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2008.
• The World Bank & IFC: Enterprise Surveys 2006.
• USAID: Venezuela and Corruption 2003.

Licences, Infrastructure and Public Utilities

• The World Bank & IFC: Doing Business 2011.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• The Wall Street Journal: 'Critic of Chávez Gets 8-Year Prison Sentence', 9 May 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2009.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• World Economic Forum: Benchmarking National Attractiveness for Private Investment in Latin American Infrastructure 2007.
• The World Bank & IFC: Enterprise Surveys 2006.
• Coronel, Gustavo & CATO Institute: Corruption, Mismanagement, and Abuse of Power in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, 2006.
• NewsMax.co: 'Venezuela's Chávez Caught in 'Culture of Corruption'', 31 March 2006.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2004.

Land Administration

• The World Bank & IFC: Doing Business 2011.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• The Bertelsmann Foundation: Transformation Index - Venezuela 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2009.
• Human Rights Watch: World Report - Venezuela 2007.
• World Economic Forum: Benchmarking National Attractiveness for Private Investment in Latin American Infrastructure 2007.
• The New York Times: 'Clash of Hope and Fear as Venezuela Seizes Land', 17 May 2007.
• Defenfor del Pueblo/Human Rights Ombudsman: Defensor del Pueblo entregó informe sobre violencia en el campo, 5 May 2006 (in Spanish).
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Report 2005.

Tax Administration

• The World Bank & IFC: Doing Business 2011.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• OAS Inter-American Convention against Corruption: Third Round Implementation Report 2010.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2009.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• The World Bank & IFC: Enterprise Surveys 2006.
• Latinobarómetro: Annual Report 2006 (see English version).
• USAID: Venezuela and Corruption 2003.

Customs Administration

• The World Bank & IFC: Doing Business 2011.
• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2010.
• World Economic Forum: Global Enabling Trade Report 2010.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2008.
• The World Bank & IFC: Enterprise Surveys 2006.
• Globovision: 'Roberto Smith denuncia diez casos de corrupción en la que estarían incursos funcionarios de Aduanas y el Seniat', 13 November 2006.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Barometer 2005.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2004.
• Joaquin Vial: Foreign Investment in the Andean Countries, CID Working Paper No. 85, January 2002.

Public Procurement and Contracting

• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• World Economic Forum: The Global Competitiveness Report 2010-2011.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• The Bertelsmann Foundation: Transformation Index - Venezuela 2008.
• NewsMax.co: 'Venezuela's Chávez Caught in 'Culture of Corruption'', 31 March 2006.
• Coronel, Gustavo & CATO Institute: Corruption, Mismanagement, and Abuse of Power in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, 2006.
• Transparency Venezuela: Informe Nacional: Venezuela Contrataciones Públicas 2004 (in Spanish).
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2004.

Environment, Natural Resources and Extractive Industry

• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• Newsweek: 'A question of graft', 31 July 2006.
• Coronel, Gustavo & CATO Institute: Corruption, Mismanagement, and Abuse of Power in Hugo Chavez's Venezuela, 2006.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Report 2006.
• Save the Children UK: Beyond the Rhetoric: Measuring revenue transparency: company performance in the oil and gas industries 2005.
• Latin Trade: A royal mess: as commodity prices zoom, governments are raising - even creating - royalties on foreign mining and petroleum companies, June 2005.
• Transparencia Venezuela: Informe Nacional: Venezuela Contrataciones Públicas 2004 (in Spanish).

Public Anti-Corruption Initiatives Sources

• US Department of State: Investment Climate Statement - Venezuela 2011.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• OAS Inter-American Convention against Corruption: Third Round Implementation Report 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Venezuela 2010.
• Global Integrity: Venezuela Country Report 2009.
• Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Venezuela 2008.
• Lexadin: The World Law Guide - Legislation Venezuela 2008.
• Coronel, Gustavo & Cato Institute: Corruption, Mismanagement, and Abuse of Power in Hugo Chávez's Venezuela, 2006.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Report 2006.
• Transparencia Venezuela: Informe Nacional: Venezuela Contrataciones Públicas 2004 (in Spanish).
• Venezuelanalysis: 'Debate on the Legitimacy and Effectiveness of the Chavez Government', 23 December 2003.

Private Anti-Corruption Initiatives Sources

• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2010.
• Reporters Without Borders: Venezuela Country Report 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom in the World - Venezuela 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom of the Press Index 2010.
• Freedom House: Freedom of the Press - Venezuela 2009.
• US Department of State: Human Rights Report - Venezuela 2009.
• Reporters Without Borders: Worldwide Press Freedom Index 2009.
• IPS: 'Journalists Face Escalation of Violence', January 21 2009.
• Human Rights Watch: A Decade Under Chávez - Political Intolerance andLost Opportunities for Advancing Human Rights in Venezuela, 2008.
• Transparency International Press Release: Venezuelan government blocks civil society participation at the OAS, 2007.
• Amnesty International: 'Freedom of Expression in Danger' 10 May 2007.
• Transparency International: 'Venezuelan Government Blocks Civil Society Participation at the OAS', 27 June 2007.
• Transparency International: Global Corruption Report 2006.
• Reporters Without Borders: New Law a Threat to Journalists' Rights, 30 July 2004.